Linux软件包管理方式和手工编译源代码安装软件时究竟做了哪些操作？
Contents
一软件包管理分类
CentOS，RHEL，OEL，Fedora：rpm,redhat package management; rpm格式软件包；
Debian，Ubuntu：apt,advanced package tools,deb格式软件包。
关于apt：https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APT_(software)
Advanced Package Tool, or APT, is a free-software user interface that works with core libraries to handle the installation and removal of software on Debian, Ubuntu, and related Linux distributions.[4] APT simplifies the process of managing software on Unix-like computer systems by automating the retrieval, configuration and installation of software packages, either from precompiled files or by compiling source code.
二手工编译源码安装软件
1 configure
执行这一步的作用是，按照源代码文件中已经配置好的环境信息，来配置软件，并且在源代码路径下生成Makefile，用于给下一步make命令使用。
举例说明：https://ftp.postgresql.org/pub/source/v14beta2/postgresql-14beta2.tar.gz 这个PostgreSQL数据库软件的源代码中，在打包生成该源代码的tarball文件时，就已经支持了CentOS 8 内核版本4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_1.x86_64的操作系统「当然，该源码同时还支持其它多种操作系统」，并且指定了软件默认安装在/usr/local路径下。现在，我们在CentOS 8 内核版本4.18.0-147.5.1.el8_1.x86_64的操作系统上通过编译该源码的方式来安装PostgreSQL数据库软件，我们不想让软件安装在/usr/local路径下，想把软件安装在/postgres/pg14路径下。于是，我们在源代码的解压路径下，可以执行
[pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$ ./configure --help
`configure' configures PostgreSQL 14beta2 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
Usage: ./configure [OPTION]... [VAR=VALUE]...
To assign environment variables (e.g., CC, CFLAGS...), specify them as
VAR=VALUE. See below for descriptions of some of the useful variables.
Defaults for the options are specified in brackets.
Configuration:
-h, --help display this help and exit
--help=short display options specific to this package
--help=recursive display the short help of all the included packages
-V, --version display version information and exit
-q, --quiet, --silent do not print `checking ...' messages
--cache-file=FILE cache test results in FILE [disabled]
-C, --config-cache alias for `--cache-file=config.cache'
-n, --no-create do not create output files
--srcdir=DIR find the sources in DIR [configure dir or `..']
Installation directories:
--prefix=PREFIX install architecture-independent files in PREFIX
[/usr/local/pgsql]
--exec-prefix=EPREFIX install architecture-dependent files in EPREFIX
[PREFIX]
By default, `make install' will install all the files in
`/usr/local/pgsql/bin', `/usr/local/pgsql/lib' etc. You can specify
an installation prefix other than `/usr/local/pgsql' using `--prefix',
for instance `--prefix=$HOME'.
For better control, use the options below.
....
....
[pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$ ./configure --prefix=/postgres/pg14
...
configure: using CPPFLAGS= -D_GNU_SOURCE
configure: using LDFLAGS= -Wl,--as-needed
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating GNUmakefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile.global
config.status: creating src/include/pg_config.h
config.status: creating src/include/pg_config_ext.h
config.status: creating src/interfaces/ecpg/include/ecpg_config.h
config.status: linking src/backend/port/tas/dummy.s to src/backend/port/tas.s
config.status: linking src/backend/port/posix_sema.c to src/backend/port/pg_sema.c
config.status: linking src/backend/port/sysv_shmem.c to src/backend/port/pg_shmem.c
config.status: linking src/include/port/linux.h to src/include/pg_config_os.h
config.status: linking src/makefiles/Makefile.linux to src/Makefile.port
[pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$ 从上述的帮助信息可以看到：
`configure’ configures PostgreSQL 14beta2 to adapt to many kinds of systems.
同时，
To assign environment variables (e.g., CC, CFLAGS…), specify them as
VAR=VALUE. See below for descriptions of some of the useful variables.还有：
By default,
make install' will install all the files in/usr/local/pgsql/bin’,/usr/local/pgsql/lib' etc. You can specify an installation prefix other than/usr/local/pgsql’ using--prefix', for instance–prefix=$HOME’.
当然，这一份源代码文件可以支持many kinds of systems。并且，其默认是是把文件安装在/usr/local/pgsql下了。
再者：从configure的执行结果，看到生成了GNUmakefile以及其它新的几个文件：
[pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$ ls -lrt total 1240 -rw-r--r-- 1 pg14 pg14 1213 Jun 22 05:07 README -rw-r--r-- 1 pg14 pg14 1665 Jun 22 05:07 Makefile -rw-r--r-- 1 pg14 pg14 277 Jun 22 05:07 HISTORY -rw-r--r-- 1 pg14 pg14 4278 Jun 22 05:07 GNUmakefile.in -rw-r--r-- 1 pg14 pg14 1192 Jun 22 05:07 COPYRIGHT -rw-r--r-- 1 pg14 pg14 83700 Jun 22 05:07 configure.ac -rwxr-xr-x 1 pg14 pg14 580505 Jun 22 05:07 configure -rw-r--r-- 1 pg14 pg14 490 Jun 22 05:07 aclocal.m4 drwxrwxr-x 58 pg14 pg14 4096 Jun 22 05:11 contrib drwxrwxr-x 2 pg14 pg14 4096 Jun 22 05:11 config drwxrwxr-x 3 pg14 pg14 87 Jun 22 05:11 doc -rw-r--r-- 1 pg14 pg14 63887 Jun 22 05:12 INSTALL -rwxrwxr-x 1 pg14 pg14 40177 Jul 25 08:41 config.status -rw-rw-r-- 1 pg14 pg14 4278 Jul 25 08:41 GNUmakefile drwxrwxr-x 16 pg14 pg14 4096 Jul 25 08:41 src -rw-rw-r-- 1 pg14 pg14 443551 Jul 25 08:41 config.log [pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$ date Sun Jul 25 08:47:53 CST 2021 [pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$
从文件的生成时间，就可以看出来了。这里的一个小疑问，前面不是说，这一步骤会生产Makefile的吗？可是明明这个文件本身在执行configure命令之前，就已经存在源码路径下呢？为什么要生成一个新的GNUmakefile呢？其实，查看一下Makefile的内容，就知道了：
[pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$ vi Makefile # The PostgreSQL make files exploit features of GNU make that other # makes do not have. Because it is a common mistake for users to try # to build Postgres with a different make, we have this make file # that, as a service, will look for a GNU make and invoke it, or show # an error message if none could be found. # If the user were using GNU make now, this file would not get used # because GNU make uses a make file named "GNUmakefile" in preference # to "Makefile" if it exists. PostgreSQL is shipped with a # "GNUmakefile". If the user hasn't run the configure script yet, the # GNUmakefile won't exist yet, so we catch that case as well. # AIX make defaults to building *every* target of the first rule. Start with # a single-target, empty rule to make the other targets non-default. all:
2 make
==将源代码文件，编译成可以执行的二进制文件，生成的可执行二进制文件，依然位于当前的源代码路径下「在contrib路径下」。==这一步骤依赖于上一步的configure命令的成功执行。当然，这里的make world命令是PostgreSQL数据库软件特有的编译选项，一般的源代码编译安装，只需要执行make即可。
[pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$ make world ... interfaces/libpq -lpq -L../../src/port -L../../src/common -Wl,--as-needed -Wl,-rpath,'/postgres/pg14/lib',--enable-new-dtags -lpgcommon -lpgport -lz -lreadline -lpthread -lrt -ldl -lm -o vacuumlo make[2]: Leaving directory '/home/pg14/postgresql-14beta2/contrib/vacuumlo' make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/pg14/postgresql-14beta2/contrib' PostgreSQL, contrib, and documentation successfully made. Ready to install. [pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$
3 make install
最后，将上述步骤中生成的可以执行的二进制文件，copy到目标路径下，/postgres/pg14。
[pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$ du -sh /postgres/ 0 /postgres/ [pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$ make install-world ... /usr/bin/mkdir -p '/postgres/pg14/lib' /usr/bin/mkdir -p '/postgres/pg14/share/extension' /usr/bin/mkdir -p '/postgres/pg14/share/extension' /usr/bin/install -c -m 755 tsm_system_time.so '/postgres/pg14/lib/tsm_system_time.so' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./tsm_system_time.control '/postgres/pg14/share/extension/' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./tsm_system_time--1.0.sql '/postgres/pg14/share/extension/' make[2]: Leaving directory '/home/pg14/postgresql-14beta2/contrib/tsm_system_time' make -C unaccent install make[2]: Entering directory '/home/pg14/postgresql-14beta2/contrib/unaccent' /usr/bin/mkdir -p '/postgres/pg14/lib' /usr/bin/mkdir -p '/postgres/pg14/share/extension' /usr/bin/mkdir -p '/postgres/pg14/share/extension' /usr/bin/mkdir -p '/postgres/pg14/share/tsearch_data' /usr/bin/install -c -m 755 unaccent.so '/postgres/pg14/lib/unaccent.so' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./unaccent.control '/postgres/pg14/share/extension/' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./unaccent--1.1.sql ./unaccent--1.0--1.1.sql '/postgres/pg14/share/extension/' /usr/bin/install -c -m 644 ./unaccent.rules '/postgres/pg14/share/tsearch_data/' make[2]: Leaving directory '/home/pg14/postgresql-14beta2/contrib/unaccent' make -C vacuumlo install make[2]: Entering directory '/home/pg14/postgresql-14beta2/contrib/vacuumlo' /usr/bin/mkdir -p '/postgres/pg14/bin' /usr/bin/install -c vacuumlo '/postgres/pg14/bin' make[2]: Leaving directory '/home/pg14/postgresql-14beta2/contrib/vacuumlo' make[1]: Leaving directory '/home/pg14/postgresql-14beta2/contrib' PostgreSQL, contrib, and documentation installation complete. [pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$ du -sh /postgres/ 52M /postgres/ [pg14@iZbp1anc2b2vggfj0i0oovZ postgresql-14beta2]$
从上，可以看到make install的过程中，的确是把源代码路径下的编译生成的可执行的二进制文件，copy到目标路径/postgres/pg14下了。
三小结
Linux系统上软件的安装常用的是rpm,apt，这取决于操作系统平台；
结合PostgreSQL的编译源代码的安装方式，理清楚了configure，make,make install到底做了哪些基本工作。
参考：鸟哥的Linux私房菜 第2版，2007年在项目组出差时，购买于辽宁沈阳。
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